Boeing X-45

The Boeing X-45 Unmanned Combat Air Vehicle (UCAV) is a concept demonstrator for a next generation of completely autonomous fighter aircraft, developed by Boeing's Phantom Works (similar to Lockheed Martin's Skunk Works division; acquired through McDonnell Douglas).

The X-45 is manufactured by Boeing Integrated Defense Systems and is part of DARPA's J-UCAS project.

Boeing X-45A UCAV

Development

The newer, larger X-45C

X-45C from the side

Boeing developed the X-45 from research gathered during the development of the Bird of Prey. The X-45 features an extremely low-profile dorsal intake placed near the leading edge of the aircraft. The center fuselage is blended into a swept lambda wing, with a small exhaust outlet. It has no vertical control surfaces - split ailerons near each wingtip function as asymmetric air brakes, providing rudder control, much as in Northrop's flying wings.

Removing the pilot and its associated facilities dramatically reduces the aircraft's cost. Operators may remotely command the aircraft, but the actual piloting is autonomous.

Models

Boeing built two of the model X-45A, both were scaled-down proof-of-concept aircraft. The larger X-45B design was modified to have even more fuel capacity and three times greater combat range, becoming the X-45C. Each wing's leading edge spans from the nose to the wingtip, giving the aircraft more wing area, very similar to the B-2 Spirit. The first of the three planned X-45C aircraft should be completed in 2006, with capability demonstrations scheduled for early 2007. By 2010 Boeing hopes to complete an autonomous aerial refueling of the X-45C by a KC-135 Stratotanker. Boeing has displayed a mock-up of the X-45C on static displays at many airshows.

Funding

The X-45C portion of the program received $767 million from DARPA in October, 2004, to construct and test three aircraft, along with several supplemental goals. In July, 2005 DARPA awarded an additional $175 million to continue the program, as well as implement Autonomous Aerial Refueling technology.^[1]

As of March 2, 2006, the US Air Force has decided not to continue with the X-45 project. However, Boeing is looking at using the X-45 for aircraft landings with the US Navy.^[2]

Operation

X-45A underside with weapons bay door open

The X-45A had its first flight on May 22, 2002. The first generation of UCAVs are primarily planned for air-to-ground roles with defensive air-to-air capabilities coupled with significant remote piloting. On April 18, 2004, the X-45A's first bombing run test at Edwards Air Force Base was successful.

On February 4, 2005, on their 50th flight, the two X-45As took off into a patrol pattern and were then alerted to the presence of a target. The X-45As then autonomously determined which vehicle held the optimum position, weapons (notional), and fuel load to properly attack the target. After making that decision, one of the X-45As changed course and the pilot-operator allowed it to attack the simulated antiaircraft emplacement. Following a successful strike, another simulated threat, this time disguised, emerged and was subsequently destroyed by the second X-45A. This demonstrated the ability of these vehicles to autonomously work as a team and manage their resources, as well as to fly themselves to previously-undetected targets, which is significantly harder than following a predetermined attack path.

Retirement

After the completion of the flight test program, both X-45As were sent to museums, one to the National Air and Space Museum, and the other to the National Museum of the United States Air Force at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base.^[

Media

• Multi-vehicle Coordinated Flight (file info)
  • X-45A Multi-vehicle Coordinated Flight video, August 01, 2004 (2:53, 14 MB, ogg/Theora format).
• Problems seeing the videos? See media help.

X-47 Pegasus

The Northrop Grumman X-47A Pegasus is a demonstration Unmanned Combat Aerial Vehicle. The X-47 is part of DARPA's J-UCAS project.

Unlike the Boeing X-45, Pegasus development was company-funded. The initial vehicle carries the designation X-47A; a follow-on Naval version is designated X-47B.

The proof-of-concept X-47A vehicle was built under contract by Burt Rutan's Scaled Composites at the Mojave Spaceport. The roll out ceremony at Mojave was in July 2001 and the first flight was successfully completed in February 2003. The program was terminated on January 13, 2006 as part of the US Military's Quadrennial Defense Review.

X-47A rollout

X-47B over sea (CG concept)

Specifications (X-47A)

General characteristics

• Crew: none
• Length: 19 ft 7 in (8.50 m)
• Wingspan: 19 ft 6 in (8.47 m)
• Height: 6 ft 1 in (1.86 m)
• Wing area: ft² (m²)
• Empty weight: 3,836 lb (1,740 kg)
• Loaded weight: 4,877 lb (2,212 kg)
• Max takeoff weight: 5,903 lb (2,678 kg)
• Powerplant: 1× Pratt & Whitney JT15D-5C (X-45A)
  Pratt & Whitney F100-220 (X-45B) turbofan, 3,190 lb_f (14.2 kN)

Performance

• Maximum speed: mph (km/h)
• Cruise speed: mph (km/h)
• Range: miles (km)
• Service ceiling: ft (m)
• Rate of climb: ft/min (m/s)
• Wing loading: lb/ft² (kg/m²)
• Thrust/weight: 0.65

Armament

None

Northrop Grumman X-47B

Dassault nEUROn

nEUROn (formerly spelled "Neuron") is the "European UCAV technology demonstrator". This delta wing stealth Unmanned Combat Air Vehicle project is the final phase of the French Dassault Aviation LOGIDUC 3-step stealth "combat drone" programme. Until June 2005, the UCAV nEUROn design was a full scale evolution of the twin-engine AVE-C Moyen Duc (2001) tactical UAV whose appearance was inspired by the stealth bomber Northrop Grumman B-2 Spirit. The full scale replica unveiled at the Paris Air Show 2005 revealed the original design was revised to a "less ambitious" single-engine delta. The nEUROn development, originally planned by Dassault as "AVE Grand Duc", evolved to an European cooperation including Swedish Saab, Greek EAB, Swiss RUAG Aerospace, Spanish EADS CASA and Italian Alenia. As a "technology demonstrator", a reduced number of units will be produced to explore new operational concepts for a future generation of autonomous stealth fighter aircrafts that will be produced in 2020 or 2025. However Dassault plan to primary use the data collected by the demonstrator to produce derived UCLAs. The French maker states the nEUROn's Adour engine (tuned from the SEPECAT Jaguar) will be replaced in the production version by a more powerful, specific, engine based on Snecma's M88 from the Dassault Rafale.^[1]. According to the DGA, nEUROn test flights will be proceeded in France, Sweden and Italy in early 2010.^[2]

Dassault nEUROn
General characteristics
Length	9.5 meters	- feet - inches
Wingspan	12.5 meters	- feet - inches
Loaded weight	6,000 kilograms	- pounds
Cruising speed	<>	- mph / - kt
Service ceiling	- meters	- feet
Endurance	- hours
Unmanned aerial vehicle

The nEUROn project

The program has three stated goals:

1. To maintain and develop the skills of the participating European aerospace companies' design offices, which will not see any other new fighter programs before 2030 now that the Rafale, Eurofighter and JAS-39 Gripen projects are all complete or well underway.
2. To investigate and validate the technologies that will be needed by 2015 to design next-generation combat aircraft.
3. To validate an innovative cooperation process by establishing a European industry team responsible for developing next-generation combat aircraft.

nEUROn platform

nEUROn full scale replica unveilled by Dassault at the Salon du Bourget 2005

As a UCAV (Unmanned Combat Air Vehicle), nEUROn will be significantly larger and more advanced than other well-known UAV systems like the MQ-1 Predator, with ranges, payloads and capabilities that approach those of manned fighter aircraft. Although the project is not yet closely defined, illustrations and statements by the consortium partners indicate that the nEUROn is envisioned as a competitive system with the American J-UCAS program's Boeing X-45C or Northrop-Grumman X-47B.

Indeed, Saab's February 9, 2006 release notes that nEUROn will be a demonstrator measuring 10m long by 12m wide and weighing in at 5 tons. This is roughly the size of a Mirage 2000 fighter. The aircraft will have unmanned autonomous air-to-ground attack capabilities with precision guided munitions, relying on an advanced stealth airframe design to penetrate undetected. Another feature being contemplated is the ability to control squad flight in automatic mode from an advanced fighter like the Rafale or JAS-39 Gripen platform, grouping the nEUROns and controlling the group in a manner similar to many combat Real-time strategy (RTS) computer games.

Project history & developments

Official 1:48 scale replica of the nEUROn by Dassault on its stand

In 1999, Dassault Aviation launched its LOGIDUC stealth UCAV program, which gave birth to the Dassault AVE-D Petit Duc that flew in July 2000 as the first stealth UAV in Europe, and to the Dassault AVE-C Moyen Duc (2001). Dassault changed the third phase name "Grand Duc" - a full scale advanced version of the Moyen Duc - to the more European sounding nEUROn, as the French project was joined by European partners to reduce its development cost. Great Britain didn't joined because it was already involved with an American similar program, neither Germany who desisted officially because the country was unable to afford the financial participation.^[3]

During the 2003 Paris Air Show, French Minister of Defence Mme Michèle Alliot-Marie announced a major agreement signed between the French groups EADS France, Dassault Aviation and Thales. The agreement covered a joint-venture to "realise a new unmanned military technology that covers all future activity in combat and strategic reconnaissance aeronautics" i.e. LOGIDUC's phase three, "Grand Duc".

EADS leads a HALE (High Altitude, Long Endurance) UAV project.

Meanwhile, the French defence procurement agency, DGA, acting as the program executive on behalf of the participating countries, has entrusted development of the first nEUROn UCAV demonstrator to Dassault Aviation and its European partners. Sub-contracts have been made with the French industrial firms Thales and EADS France and also with five European firms, Saab (Sweden), EAD (Greece), Alenia (Italy), RUAG Aerospace (Switzerland) and EADS CASA (Spain).

Chief project manager Thierry Prunier comes from Dassault Aviation, and the deputy project managers are Mats Ohlson of Saab and Ermanno Bertolina of Alenia. There is a single link between the executive agency (DGA) and the prime contractor (Dassault), and it will be up to the executive agency to coordinate with the government agencies of the participating countries. It will be up to the prime contractor, meanwhile, to coordinate the work with the other industries.

After Spain joined the programme in early February 2006 (Belgium could join later), work breakdown among the European industrial partners was planned as follows: ^[4]:

• Dassault Aviation: (launched European project in June 2003)

Master builder

Overall architectures & design

Flight control system

Final assembly

Global testing (static & flight)

Dassault claims 50% of development and is responsible for the standalone LOGIDUC programme. The nEUROn (2010) will be the third Dassault stealth UAV prototype following the AVE-D Petit Duc (2000) & AVE-C Moyen Duc (2004). The nEUROn project replaces the LOGIDUC final phase AVE Grand Duc.^[5][6]

• Saab: (joined in December 22, 2005)

Overall design

Equipped fuselage

Avionics

Fuel system

Flight testing

Saab claims 25% of development and is also the coordinator for the other Swedish corporations involved.^[7]

• Alenia Aeronautica: (joined in mid-2005)

Weapon firing system

Air data system

Electrical system

Flight testing

• EADS CASA: (joined in February 7, 2006)

Wing

Ground control station

Data-link integration

• EAB: (joined in January 11, 2006)

Rear fuselage

Tail pipe

Integration bench.

• RUAG: (joined in mid-2005)

Wind tunnel tests

Weapons carriage

• Thalès: (joined in June 14, 2005)

Data-link (STANAG 7085 compliant)

Command interface

• EADS France: (joined in June 2003)

Undisclosed

Funding

The nEUROn logo was designed after the Grand Duc delta shape.

The contract is valued at €405 million, and allows industry to begin a three-year system definition and design phase with related low-observability studies. This phase will be followed by the development and assembly phase, and by a first flight in 2010. It is planned that the 2-year flight-test program (2010-2012) will entail about 100 sorties, including the launch of a laser-guided bomb tentatively scheduled for 2012. The initial €400 million budget was increased by €5 million in 2006 due to the addition of a modular bomb bay including a designator and a laser-guided bomb.

On February 2006, DGA had announced the France will provide €202.5 million, half of the program's €405 million ($480 million) budget, while the remaining funds will be supplied by the other participating member nations. In December 2005, the Swedish defence ministry reported the national share would be €75 million, of which €66 million would be financed by Saab AB. The cost of Spain's participation to the program is estimated at €35.5 million, spread over the 2007-2012 period.

Derived production UCAV unit cost is estimated by Dassault to €25 million.

Specs

The French Defence Ministry unveiled the general specs in a press release on February 9, 2006.^[8]

• Length: 9.5 meters
• Wingspan: 12.5 meters
• Normal loaded weight: 5 tons
• Maximum loaded weight: 6 tons
• Stealth: radar & infrared
• Subsonic flight domain: <>
• Mono-engine (tuned Rolls-Royce/Turboméca Adour / Snecma M88 base)
• Dual bomb bay
• Guided armaments carriage and firing abilities
• Piloted from a distant ground station control
• C3R link (Command, Communication, Control & Intelligence)

Media links

• video: nEUROn (AVE Grand Duc version) promotional featurette, June 11, 2005 (Dassault Aviation)

• video: nEUROn, AVE-C & AVE-D design and flight, Dassault Activities (Dassault Aviation)

• gallery: nEUROn (single-engine version) official gallery by Dassault (Scale model replica photographies & CG concept artworks)

• scale model: nEUROn's official 1:48 scale model by Dassault